This list of collections of human osteological material with known ages and sex was compiled by Dr. Bethany Usher of the Department of Anthropology at the State University of New York, College at Potsdam. References are below the table. Please contact me by email or postal mail with any questions. Also, if you have updates or additional information about these or other reference collections, please contact me.
| Name | Number of Skeletons | Males | Females | Origin | Verification | Other notes | Contact Address |
| "Drago Pervic" Institute of Anatomy Osteological Collection | 300 (partially skulls) | 50% | 50% | hospitals, lunatic asylums, retirement homes in Zagreb and nearby towns | known individuals | poor europeans | University of Zagreb Medical School 10 000 Zagreb, Salata 3, Box 916 Croatia phone 385 01 4566 953 fax 385 01 4590195 |
| Museum Vrolik (DeFroe collection), Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center | 100-200 skulls 360 | private collection | names, ages, birthdates | munger-human malformations | Dept. of Anatomy & Embryology and Museum Vrolik, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, L2-225a, 1105 AZ Amsterdam THE NETHERLANDS 31 20 566 7821 or 4927, fax 31 20 697 6177 | ||
| Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Medical University, Department of Forensic Medicine, Szeged, Hungary | 106 fetal and neonate skeletons | ||||||
| Amsterdam Laboratory of Anatomy and Embryology | >256 | >174 | >82 | Dissection material collected in the period A.D. 1883-1909 and involves non-Jewish inhabitants of Amsterdam born in almost all parts of the Netherlands | name, age, sex, stature, and sometimes cause of death are known from records | only Dutch collection of its kind | |
| Banaras Hindu University | >244 | >176 | >68 | Varanasi zone, India | Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005 | ||
| Belgian femurs | >416 | ||||||
| British Museum of Natural History | 111 skulls | mainly soldiers | age and nationality recorded only were known for certain | 46 were recorded as insane, but the form of insanity was not specified | |||
| Broadbeach Osteological Collection | 36 | 36 | Ngaraangbal Aboriginal Tribe's ancestral burial ground at Broadbeach, Australia | Collection was returned for reburial in 1985, however radiographic and photographic records are available for study | |||
| Brush-Bolton Collection | growth data (X-rays) and collections | Bolton Dental Building, School of Dentistry, Case Western Reserve University, 2123 Abington Road, Cleveland, OH 44106 (216) 368-6715 | |||||
| Chiang Mai University Thailand | 104 | 70 | 34 | Donated remains from individuals who died at Chiang Mai University hospital | death records | kingchri@hawaii.edu | Chiang Mai University Hospital, Department of Anatomy, Chiang Mai, Thailand 50120 66-53-217-144 (fax) |
| Coimbra | >121 2165 | an identity document for each individual | |||||
| Collezione Guglielmo Romiti | 34 | 34 | 8 | general and mental hospital in Siena, Italy | ages not verified | collected from 1879-1881, poor Italians | Dip. Scienze Biomediche, Istituti Biologici, V A Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy 0039.577.234064 |
| Dart Collection, Department of Anatomical Sciences | >360 | >160 | >100 | Medical School, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa (011) 647-2405 | |||
| Department of anatomy and cell biology | Robert-Koch-Str 6, D-35037 Marburg, Germany | ||||||
| Department of Anatomy, Lady Hardinge Medical College | 315 | Indian origin | |||||
| Duckworth Osteological Collection | Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DZ | ||||||
| FACES Lab | forensic cases | 227 Howe-Russell Geoscience Complex, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 OFFICE PHONE: (504) 388-6084 LAB PHONE: (504) 388-4761 | |||||
| Ferraz de Macedo | apparently destroyed by fire in 1978 | ||||||
| Florida Atlantic University | forensic cases | mentioned on web site that they have human skeletal material and forensic cases for research. | Department of Anthropology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431-0991 (561)297-2256 | ||||
| Frassetto collection | >200 200 | >100 100 | >100 100 | Sardianian, exhumed around 1900 from Sassari cemetery | Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via Selmi n.3, 40126 Bologna, Italy | ||
| Galloway Osteological Collection | 591 | Faculty of Medicine P.O.box 7062 Kampala, Uganda (256-41)558731/557505 | |||||
| Grant Collection | 202 | 175 | 27 | cadaver-derived from the unclaimed bodies of low socioeconomic status indigents | yes-vital statistics records, hospital records, person history information | threw away all without age verification data in 1948; predominately white; dates from AD 1928 to early 1950s | Dept of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G3 416-978-6293 fax 416-978-3217 |
| Hamann-Todd Collection | 3,592 | cadaver-derived from the unclaimed bodies of low socioeconomic status indigents | Both Black and white | The Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, University Circle, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-1767 (216) 231-4600 or (800) 317-9155 | |||
| Hanged men | 3 | 3 | 0 | Southern Ontario | |||
| Harvie family cemetery | 6 | 2 | 4 | Southern Ontario | |||
| Highland Park Cemetery | 296 | served the poorhouse, was used between 1826 and 1863 | |||||
| Holland | |||||||
| Hong Kong | 94 | 68 | 26 | Southern China - excavation of known individuals from Wo Hop Shick cemetery | Bones in poor condition, skulls okay. Not well curated. Christy Turner has looked at it. | 5/fl. Li Shu Fan Bldg, 5 Sassoon road, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong 852-2819-9172 | |
| Hungarian Natural History Museum, Anthropology Department | >10 | exavation of church basement | detailed church records | H-1083 Budapest, Ludovika tér 2 (36) 1-313-8617 | |||
| I. Gemmerich Collection | 151 | 48 | 103 | modern cemeteries of the Vaud Canton | Web Address | ||
| Institute of Anatomy, Aachen,Germany | 101 | 57 | 44 | body donors | Institut fur Anatomie I RWTH Aachen Wendlingweg 2 D-52074 Aachen 49-241-80-89100 Fax 49-241-8082-431 | ||
| Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Vienna, Austria | large number | cadaver donors | |||||
| Institute of Forensic Sciences | over 205 | 205 | modern Chinese | identification papers | 1347 Guanfuxi Road, Shanghai, China | ||
| Institute of Legal Medicine, Bari, Italy | >80 | >40 | >40 | Southern Italian | Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Bair, 70100 Bari, Italy | ||
| Institute of Normal Human Anatomy - University of Siena Craniological Collection | 742 skulls | 175 | 157 | a large number of the inhabitants in Siena and outskirts | the general hospital and mental hospital in Siena | ||
| Johns Hopkins Fetal Collection | |||||||
| Maxwell Museum Documented Collection, University of New Mexico | >220 | >77 | >45 | body donation program (on-going) | well documented, with health data | black and white, births after 1900 | Anthropology Building, Room 240, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 (505) 277-4405 |
| Medicolegal Institute at Bhopal in Central India | 124 | 80 | 44 | India | |||
| Mediterranean Caucasoid Collection | 42 hip bones | 27 | 15 | from adult male and female dead bodies of the modern rural and urban population of Madrid, Spain | none of the bones were damaged or showed any pathological alterations that could lead to error in measurements. 26 of the bones were from the right side and 16 were from the left. | ||
| M.R.Drennan Museum and Departmental Specimen Collection | ~250 | Cadaver | |||||
| Morphology Collection | 236 | cadavers from NYU Medical School, Long Island Medical College, and the Cornell Medical School |
Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192 212-769-5882 | ||||
| Musee d'Anatomie Delmas-Orfila-Rouviere | Paris V Rene Descartes University, 45, rue des Saints-Peres, 75006 Paris 42 86 20 47 l | ||||||
| Museo di Antropolgia ed Ethnologia, Florence, Italy | 3,460 skulls, 171 complete skeletons | ||||||
| Museo do Departamento de Anatomia | 492 | Edificio Biomedicas III - sala 4, A. Lineu Prestes 2.415, Cidade Universitaria - Sao Paulo - CEP 05508-900 818-7360 (phone and fax) | |||||
| Musuo Nazionale di Antropologia ed Etnologia, Universita di Firenze, Italy | 481 | 261 | 220 | unclaimed indigents from Florence hospital | death records | data compiled by Silvia Boccone | Laboriatori di Antropologia, Universita' di Firenze, via del Proconsolo, 12, 50122 Firenze, Italy 39 0552398065 |
| Mutter Museum, College of Physicians of Philadelphia | 9 | 6 | 3 | skulls, pathological? | biographical information accompanying skeleton | 19 South 22nd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 Phone: 215-563-3737 ext 242, Fax: 215-561-6477 | |
| National Anthropological Museum | |||||||
| National Museum of Health and Medicine | >130 | fetal, Civil War, forensic, pathological | allows the unique opportunity to re-examine historical classification systems and disease diagnoses | 6900 Georgia Avenue and Elder Street, NW, Building 54, Washington, D.C. 20307-5001 202-782-2202 or 202-782-2203 | |||
| National Science Museum | http://www.kahaku.go.jp/english/curation_frm.html | ||||||
| Okamoto Research Laboratory of Dentistry | 0 | live patients | at least 9000 teeth of known age and sex | Okamoto Research Laboratory of Dentistry, Yonago 683, Japan | |||
| Palmer Collection | 2200 | "rare oddities, remarkable trauma and unusual pathologies" | very few | 1000 Brady Street, Davenport, Iowa 52803 563-884-5245 or fax 563-884-5616 | |||
| Pretoria Collection | >196 | South Africa (white and black). Cadavers from medical school (white) or unclaimed bodies (black) | known individuals | Posbus 2034, Pretoria, 0001, Suid-Afrika 27 12 319-2438 | |||
| Quakers | School of Conservation Sciences, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset, England, UK, BH12 5BB +44 (0) 1202 595277 | ||||||
| Royal College of Surgeons of England Museums | Collections consist of the Odontological Museum, Hunterian Museum, and the Wellcome Museums. Most pathological, but the Odontological Museum has many known age skulls collected by Sirs Tomes for study of dental development. | Museums, The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 35/43 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PN, United Kingdom 020 7869 6570 fax 020 7869 6564 | |||||
| Shellshear Museum | ? | Australia, Melanesia, Oceania, Middle East (Pella collection) | Tel: (02) 9351 4529, Fax: (02) 9351 6915 | ||||
| Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History: Huntington Collection | >300 | both black and white | |||||
| Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History: Terry Collection | 1728 ? | 874 | 715 | Leftover skeletons from medical school cadaver classes | I unsexed and unidentified skeleton | ||
| Spitalfields | Christ Church, Spitalfields | coffin plate, baptism records, burial registers, death certificates | The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK +44 (0)20 7942 5000 | ||||
| Spitalfried Hof St. Johann | 83 | 41 | 42 | ||||
| SR Atkinson Library of Applied Anatomy and the P&S Comparative Anatomy collections | >1500 | autopsies and biological warehouses. | skull only; also includes the James A Campbell Jr collection of 'hundreds' of glass plate dental radiographs | Institute of Dental History and Craniofacial Study, University of the Pacific School of Dentistry, 2155 Webster Street, San Francisco, CA 94115 (415) 929-6627 | |||
| St Bride's | 56 | 26 | 30 | Church of St Bride, Fleet Street, London | orginally 250, many unlabelled during WWII move | ||
| St. Thomas Anglican Church | 80 | Partial excavation of St. Thomas Anglican Church cemetery, burials from 1821-1874 | coffin nameplates cross-checked with burial register (no birth or death certificates) | Of 595 individual skeletons excavated, about 80 were able to be personally identified. Most materials have been reburied, but measurements and tissue samples are available for study. | Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L9 | ||
| State Museum for Anthropology, Dresden, Germany | Philippines, New Guinea, Malaysia, New Ireland | ||||||
| Stirrup Court cemetery | 19; 6 identified | 4 | 2 | Southern Ontario | offers information on the early settlers of the area: their demography, health, stature, social structure, etc. | ||
| Suchey pubic collection | 1225 | 739 | 273 | modern individuals autopsied at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, County of Los Angeles | death and birth certificates | ||
| Terry Collection | >1500 | unclaimed bodies and donated. | |||||
| The Jikei University School of Medicine | >90 | Japan | 3-25-8 Nishi Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003 81-3-3433-1111ext2121 | ||||
| The University Museum, University of Tokyo | ~300 | Japan | Web Address | ||||
| Trotter Collection | >133 | 314-935-5207 | |||||
| Tubingen, Germany | >108 | 67 | 41 | Southwest Germany | Institut fur Gerichtlich Medizin, Nagelestr. 5,D-72074 Tubingen, Germany | ||
| Universidad Complutense | >132 | >60 | >72 | exhumed from cemetery in Madrid | Unidad Docente de Antropología, Departamento de Biología Animal I, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 - MADRID (+34 1) 394 4941 | ||
| University of Florida Collection | forensic cases | ||||||
| University of Indianapolis | mentions human skeletal remain curation on web site. | Department of Biology, University of Indianapolis, 1400 E. Hanna Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46227-3697 317-788-3486 (office), 317-788-3565 (lab) | |||||
| University of Iowa-Stanford Collection | >1,100 | amassed from individuals born in the mid to late 1800s | the remains of people that lived prior to major improvements in modern health care practices including the advent of antibiotics and epidemiological science | ||||
| Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas | 336 | 1914-1940 | |||||
| University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology | |||||||
| University of Turin | 1064 | 384 | 680 | Italian, cadavers from city prisons and hospitals | 712 have records | Department of Human Anatomy, Corso M.D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Torino, Italy +39 0116707723 fax +39 0116707732 +39 011 6706711 | |
| Vienna Collection | >50,000 | mostly pathological | Altes Allgemeines Krankenhaus (Old General Hospital), Spitalgasse 2, A-1090 Vienna / Austria | ||||
| William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection | 344 | 279 | 86 | forensic cases and donated bodies, low SES | documentation | White, Black, European, Hispanic. "Largest skeletal collection of modern Americans"; data on 1400 individuals | 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0760 423-974-4408 |
| Wise family cemetery | 1 | 1 | 0 | Southern Ontario | |||
| Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology | 18 | 4 | 3 | private collection | many skeletal elements, most known-age are fetal and children | 215-898-3826 | |
| Zimbabwe Museum of Human Sciences Osteological Collection | 153 (skulls) | Black Zimbabwean Population | P.O. Box Cy33 Harare, Zimbabwe 263-751797 |
Castellana C, and Kosa F (2001) Estimation of fetal age from dimensions of atlas and axis ossification centers. Forensic Science International 117:31-43.
Singh G, Singh S, and Singh SP (1975) Identification of Sex from Tibia. Journal of the Anatomical Society of
Singh S, Singh G, and Singh SP (1974) Identification of sex from the ulna. Indian Journal of Medical Research 62:731-?
Singh S, and Singh SP (1972) Identification of sex from the humerus. Indian Journal of Medical Research 60:1061-1066.
Defrise-Gussenhoven E, and Orban-Segebarth R (1984) Generalized distance between different thigh-bones and a reference population. In GN van Vark and WW Howells (eds.): Multivariate Statistical Methods in Physical Anthropology.
Powers R (1962) The Disparity between known age and age as estimated by cranial suture closure. MAN 62:52-54.
Broadbeach Osteological Collection
Elvery MW, Savage NW, and Wood WB (1998) Radiographic study of the broadbeach aboriginal dentition. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 107:211-9.
Scoles PV, Salvagno R, Villalba K, and Riew D (1988) Relationship of iliac crest maturation to skeletal and chronological age. Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics 8:639-644.
King CA (1997) Osteometric assessment of 20th century skeletons from
Cogoluenhes A (1984) Travail sur les humerus de la collection anthropologique de l'Universite de
Cunha E (1995) Testing Identification Records: Evidence from the
Dart Collection, Department of Anatomical Sciences
Asala S (2001) Sex Determination from the Head of the Femur of South African Whites and Blacks. Forensic Science International 117:15-22.
Bidmos M, and Asala S (2005) Calcaneal measurement in estimation of stature of South African blacks. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 126:335-342.
Kieser J, Gebbie T, and Ksiezycka K (1996) A mathematical model for hypothetical force distribution between opposing jaws. Journal of the Dental Association of
Kieser JA, Cameron N, and Groeneveld HT (1987) Evidence for a secular trend in the Negro dentition. Annals of Human Biology 14:517-532.
Kieser JA, Moggi-Cecchi J, and Groeneveld HT (1992) Sex allocation of skeletal material by analysis of the proximal tibia. Forensic Science International 56:29-36.
Loth SR, and Henneberg M (1996) Mandibular ramus flexure: a new morphological indicator of sexual dimorphism in the human skeleton. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 99:473-485.
Loth SR, and Henneberg M (2001) Sexually dimorphic mandibular morphology in the first few years of life. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115:179-186.
Patriquin M, Loth SR, and Steyn M (2003) Sexually dimorphic pelvic morphology in South African whites and blacks. Homo. 53:255-62.
Patriquin ML, Steyn M, and Loth SR (2002) Metric assessment of race from the pelvis in South Africans. Forensic Science International 127:104-13.
Steyn M, and Iscan MY (1998) Sexual dimorphism in the crania and mandibles of South African whites. Forensic Science International 98:9-16.
Steyn M, and Iscan MY (1999) Osteometric next term variation in the humerus: sexual dimorphism in South Africans. Forensic Science International 106:77-85.
"Drago Pervic" Institute of Anatomy Osteological Collection
Percac S, and Nikolic V (1992) Structural Analysis of the Mandible by Quantitative computed Tomography. Syrgical and Radiological Anatony 14:155-158
Ballard ME (1999) Anterior femoral curvature revisted: Race assessment from the femur. Journal of Forensic Sciences 44:700-7.
King CA (1997) Osteometric assessment of 20th century skeletons from
Gualdi-Russo E, and Russo P (1995) A new technique for measurements on long bones: Development of a new instument and techniques compared. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 53:153-182.
Gualdi-Russo E, Tasca R, and Brasili P (1999) Scoring of nonmetric cranial traits: a methodological approach. Journal of Anatomy 195:543-550.
Luboga S (2000) Supernumerary lumbar vertebrae in human skeletons at the Galloway Osteological Collection of Makerere University, Kampata. East African Medical Journal 77:16-9.
Stojanowski CM, Seidemann RM, and Doran GH (2002) Differential skeletal preservation at Windover Pond: Causes and consequences. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 119:15-26.
Bedford ME, Russell KF, Lovejoy CO, Meindle RS, Simpson SW, and
Kurki H (2005) Use of the first rib for adult age estimation: a test of one method. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 15:342-350.
Rogers TL (1999) A visual method of determining the sex of skeletal remains using the distal humerus. Journal of Forensic Sciences 44:57-60.
Rothschild BM, and Rothschild C (1998) Recognition of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in skeletal remains. Journal of Rheumatology 25:2221-7.
Alunni-Perret V, Staccini P, and Quatrehomme G (2003) Reexamination of a measurement for sexual determination using the supero-inferior femoral neck diameter in a modern European population. J Forensic Sci 48:517-20.
Budinoff LC, and Tague RG (1989) Anatomical and developmental bases for the ventral arc of the human pubis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 82:73-79.
Goodman D (1997) Subclinical Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 79-A:1489-1497.
Hershkovitz I, Rothschild BM, Dutour O, and Greenwald C (1998) Clues to recognition of fungal origin of lytic skeletal lesions. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 106:47-60.
Holland TD (1991) Sex Assessment Using the Proximal tibia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 85:221-227.
Holland TD (1992) Estimation of adult stature from fragmentary tibias. Journal of Forensic Sciences 37:1223-1229.
Marino EA (1995) Sex estimation using the first cervical vertebra. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 97:127-133.
Meindl RS (1990) Reliability of age at death in the Hamann-Todd collection: validity of subselection procedures used in blind tests of the summary age technique. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 83:349-357.
Mensforth RP, and Latimer BM (1989) Hamann-Todd collection aging studies: Osteoporosis fracture syndrome. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 80:461-479.
Rothschild BM, and Rothschild C (1995) Treponemal Disease Revisited; Skeletal Discriminators for Yaws, Bjel, and Veneral Syphilis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 20:1402-1408.
Rothschild BM, and Rothschild C (1998) Recognition of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in skeletal remains. Journal of Rheumatology 25:2221-7.
Scoles PV, Latimer BM, DiGiovanni BF, Vargo E, Bauza S, and Jellema LM (1991) Vertebral Alterations in Scheuermann's Kyphosis. Spine 16:509-515.
Zindrick MR, Knight GW, Satori MJ, Carnevale TJ, Patwardhan AG, and Lorenz MA (2000) Pedicle Morphology of the Inmature Thoracolumbar Spine. Spine 25:2726-2735.
Pfeiffer S (1992) Cortical bone age estimates from historically known adults. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Anthropologie 79:1-10.
Pfeiffer S (1992) Cortical bone age estimates from historically known adults. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Anthropologie 79:1-10.
Rothschild BM, and Rothschild C (1993) 19th Century Spondyloarthropathy Independent of Socioeconmic Status: Lack of Skeletal Collection Bias. Journal of Rheumatology 20:314-319.
King CA (1997) Osteometric assessment of 20th century skeletons from
Hershkovitz I, Greenwald C, Rothschild BM, Latimer B, Dutour O, Jellema LM, Wish-Baratz S, Pap I, and Leonetti G (1999) The elusive diploic veins: Anthropological and anatomical perspective. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 108:345-358.
Prescher A, and Bohndorf K (1993) Anatomical and radiological observations concerning ossification of the sacrotuberous ligament: is there a relation to spinal diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH)? Skeletal Radiology 22:581-585.
Szilvassy J, and Kritscher H (1990) Estimation of chronological age in man based on the spongy structure of long bones. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 48:289-298.
Introna F, Di Vella G, and Campobasso CP (1998) Sex determination by discriminant analysis of patella measurements. Forensic Science International 95:39-45.
Bastianini A, Guidotti A, Hauser G, and De Stefano GF (1985) Variations in the method of the division of the hypoglossal canal in Sienese skulls of known age and sex. Acta Anatomica 123:21-24.
Brasili-Gualandi P, and Gualdi-Russo E (1989) Discontinuous traits of the skull: Variations on sex, age, laterality. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 47:239-250.
Guidotti A (1984) Morphmetrical considerations on occipital condyles. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 42:117-119.
Guidotti A, Bastianini A, De Stefano GF, and Hauser G (1986) Variations of supraorbital bony structures in Sienese skulls. Acta Anatomica 127:1-6.
Susanne C, Guidotti A, and Hauspie R (1985) Age changes of skull dimensions. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 43:31-36.
Johns
Hershkovitz I, Greenwald C, Rothschild BM, Latimer B, Dutour O, Jellema LM, Wish-Baratz S, Pap I, and Leonetti G (1999) The elusive diploic veins: Anthropological and anatomical perspective. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 108:345-358.
Falsetti A (1995) Sex assessment from metacarpals of the human hand. Journal of Forensic Sciences 40:774-6.
Stojanowski CM (1999) Sexing potential of fragmentary and pathological metacarpals. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 109:245-252.
Medicolegal Institute at
Purkait R, and Chandra H (2004) From the study of the surface area of the occipital condyles and of skull volume resulted that the surface area is not proportional to skull volume. The measurements were conducted on a collection of 424 male and 317 female skulls. It was observed that the two condyles are rarely symmetrical and that also flat condyles appear. Bi-partitioned condyles can be divided into three types: roof-like bipartitions, simple bipartitions and total bipartitions. Forensic Science International 146:25-33.
Yavuz MF, Iscan MY, and
Mediterranean Caucasoid Collection
Pellico LG, and Camacho FJF (1992) Biometry of the Anterior Border of the Human Hip Bone:
Museum Vrolik (DeFroe collection), Department of Medicine,
Baljet B (2002) Aspects of the history of Osteogenesis imperfecta (Vrolik's syndrome). Annals of Anatomy 184:1-7.
Baljet B, and Oostra R (1999) Digital Data and the 19th century Teratology collection. Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine 22:186-194.
Oostra R, PF D, Baljet B, Verbeeten B, and CM H (1999) A 100 year old Anatomical Specimen Presenting with Boomerang-like Skeletal Dysplsia Diagnostic Strategies and Outcome. American Journal of Medical Genetics 85:134-139.
Oostra RJ, Baljet B, Dijkstra PF, and Hennekam RC (1998a) Congenital anomalies in the teratological collection of the Museum Vrolik in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. I: Syndromes with multiple congentital anomalies. American Journal of Medical Genetics 77:100-115.
Oostra RJ, Baljet B, Dijkstra PF, and Hennekam RC (1998b) Congenital anomalies in the teratological collection of the Museum Vrolik in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. II: Skeletal dysplasias. American Journal of Medical Genetics 77:116-134.
Oostra RJ, Baljet B, and Hennekam RC (1998c) Congenital anomalies in the teratological collection of the Museum Vrolik in
Oostra RJ, Baljet B, Verbeeten BW, and Hennekam RC (1998d) Congenital anomalies in the teratological collection of the Museum Vrolik in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. III: Primary field defects, sequences, and other complex anomalies. American Journal of Medical Genetics 80:45-59.
Oostra RJ, Baljet B, Verbeeten BW, and Hennekam RC (1998e) Congenital anomalies in the teratological collection of the Museum Vrolik in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. V: Conjoined and acardiac twins. American Journal of Medical Genetics 80:74-89.
National
Barbian LT, Sledzik PS, and Nelson AM (2000) Case studies in pathology from the National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Annals of Diagnostic Pathology 4:170-173.
Kasai K, and Kawamura A (2001) Correlation between buccolingual inclination and wear of mandibular teeth in ancient and modern Japanese. Archives of Oral Biology 46:269-273.
Okamoto Research Laboratory of Dentistry
Aoki K (1990) Morphological studies on the roots of maxillary premolars in Japanese. Shika Gakuho: The Journal of the
Morita M (1990) Morphological studies on the roots of lower first molars in Japanese. Shika Gakuho: The Journal of the
Loth SR, and Henneberg M (2001) Sexually dimorphic mandibular morphology in the first few years of life. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115:179-186.
Patriquin M, Loth SR, and Steyn M (2003) Sexually dimorphic pelvic morphology in South African whites and blacks. Homo. 53:255-62.
Patriquin ML, Steyn M, and Loth SR (2002) Metric assessment of race from the pelvis in South Africans. Forensic Science International 127:104-13.
Steyn M, and Iscan MY (1998) Sexual dimorphism in the crania and mandibles of South African whites. Forensic Science International 98:9-16.
Steyn M, and Iscan MY (1999) Osteometricnext term variation in the humerus: sexual dimorphism in South Africans. Forensic Science International 106:77-85.