« Go Back

References:
  • 1. Straus, R. An historical perspective on the clinical uses of wine. Vintage, August, 1979. Referenced in Ford, G. The Benefits of Moderate Drinking: Alcohol, Health and Society. San Francisco, California: Wine Appreciation Guild, 1988, p. 20.
  • 2. Mendelson, J., and Mello, K. Alcohol Use and Abuse in America. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown and Co., 1985.
  • 3. Moore, R., and Pearson, T. Moderate alcohol consumption and coronary artery disease. Medicine, 1986, 65 (4), 242-267.
  • 4. Highlights of the NIAAA position paper on moderate alcohol consumption. Press release from the journal, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, June 14, 2004; Berman, Jessica. Moderate alcohol consumption benefits heart, U.S. government says. Voice of America News, June 16, 2004.
  • 5. American Heart Association web site.
  • 6. Cabot, R.C. the relation of alcohol to arteriosclerosis, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1904, 43, 774-775.
  • 7. wineinstitute.org
  • 8. Wilkie, S. Global overview of drinking recommendations and guidelines. AIM Digest (Supplement), June, 1997, 2-4, 4.
  • 9. Ellison, R., Curtis. Here's to your health. Wine Spectator, October 31, 1998, 34-46.
  • 10. Camargo, C. A., et al. Prospective study of moderate alcohol consumption and mortality in US male physicians. Archives of Internal Medicine, 1997, 157, 79-85.
  • 11. Yuan, J-M., et al. Follow up study of moderate alcohol intake and mortality among middle aged men in Shanghai, China. British Medical Journal, 1997, 314, 18-23.
  • 12. Fuchs, C. S., et al. Alcohol consumption and mortality among women. The New England Journal of Medicine, 1995, 332(19), 1245-1250.
  • 13. Doll, R., and Peto, R. Mortality in relation to consumption of alcohol: 13 years' observations on male British doctors. British Medical Journal, 1994, 309, 911-918.
  • 14. Klatsky, A., Friedman, G., and Siegelaub, A. Alcohol and mortality: ten-year Kaiser Permanente experience. Annals of Internal Medicine, 1981, 95(2), 139-145.
  • 15. Coate, D. Moderate drinking and coronary heart disease mortality: evidence from NHANES I and NHANES I follow-up. American Journal of Public Health, 1993, 83(6), 888-890.
  • 16. Boffetta, P., and Garefinkel, L. Alcohol drinking among men enrolled in an American Cancer Society prospective study. Epidemiology, 1990, 1(5), 42-48.
  • 17. Maskarinec, G., et al. Alcohol intake, body weight, and mortality in a multiethnic prospective cohort. Epidemiology, 1998, 9(6), 654-661.
  • 18. Gaziano, J.M. et al., Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and mortality in the Physicians' Health Study enrollment cohort. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 35(1), 2000, 96-105.
  • 19. Farchi, G., et al. Alcohol and survival in the Italian rural cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 2000, 29, 667-671.
  • 20. Maraldi, C., et al. Impact of inflammation on the relationship among alcohol consumption, mortality, and cardiac events: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2006, 166(14), 1490-1497.
  • 21. Longnecker, M., and MacMahon, B. Associations between alcoholic beverage consumption and hospitalization, 1983 National Health Interview Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 1988, 78(2), 153; Klatsky, A., and Friedman, A. Alcohol use and cardiovascular disease: the Kaiser-Permanente experience. Circulation, 1981, 64 (Supplement III), 32-41; Ford, G. The Science of Healthy Drinking. San Francisco, CA: Wine Appreciation Guild, 2002, p. 207.
  • 22. Wiley, J., and Comacho, T. Life-style and future health: evidence from the Alameda County Study. Preventive Medicine, 1980, 9, 1-21.
  • 23. Richman, A., and Warren, R. A. Alcohol consumption and morbidity in the Canadian Health Survey: inter-beverage differences. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1985, 15, 255-282; Kunz, J. Alcohol use and reported visits to health professionals: an exploratory study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 1997, 58, 474-479.
  • 24. Vasse, R. M., et al. Association between work stress, alcohol and sickness absence. Addiction, 1998, 93 (2), 231-241.
  • 25. Manson, J. E., et al. The primary prevention of myocardial infarction. The New England Journal of Medicine, 1992, 326(21), 1406-1416.
  • 26. La Porte, R., et al. Coronary heart disease and total mortality. Recent developments in Alcoholism, 1985, 3, 157-163.
  • 27. Hennekens, C. H. Alcohol and Risk of Coronary Events. In: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol and the Cardiovascular System. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996.
  • 28. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol Alert, No. 45. October, 1999.
  • 29. Sesso, H.D., et al. Seven -year changes in alcohol consumption and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in men. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2001, 160, 2505-2612.
  • 30. Rimm, E., et al. Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of coronary disease in men. The Lancet. 1991, 338, 464-468.
  • 31. Razay, G., et al. Alcohol consumption and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors in British women. British Medical Journal, 1992, 304, 80-83.
  • 32. Solomon, C. G., et al. Moderate alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation, 2000, 102, 494-499.
  • 33. Ajani, U. A., et al. Alcohol consumption and  risk of coronary heart disease by diabetic status. Circulation, 2000, 102, 500.
  • 34. Valmidrid, C. T., et al. Alcohol intake and the risk of coronary heart disease mortality in persons with older-onset diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1999, 282(3), 239-246.
  • 35. Blackwelder, W. C., et al. Alcohol and mortality. The Honolulu Heart Study. American Journal of Medicine, 1980, 68(2), 164-169.
  • 36. Manson, J. E., et al. Prevention of Myocardial Infarction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  • 37. Trevisan, M., et al. Drinking pattern and mortality: a longitudinal study; Gaziano, J. M., et al. A prospective cohort study of moderate alcohol consumption and sudden death in the Physicians' Health Study; Keil, U., et al. The relation of alcohol to coronary heart disease and total mortality in a beer drinking population in Southern Germany; Waskiewicz, A., et al. Alcohol consumption and l l-year total and CVD mortality among men in Pol-MONICA study; Grobbee, D. E., et al. Alcohol and cardiovascular risk in the elderly. All presented at the 4th International Conference on Preventive Cardiology, Montreal, Canada, June 29-July 3, 1997, and published in Abstracts from the 4th International Conference on Preventive Cardiology. The Canadian Journal of Cardiology, June, 1997, volume 13, Supplement B.
  • 38. Walsh, C. R., et al. Alcohol consumption and risk for congestive heart failure in the Framingham Heart Study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2002, 136(3), 181-191.
  • 39. Whitten, D. Wine Institute Seminar. San Francisco, CA: 1987. Quoted in Ford, G. The French Paradox and Drinking for Health. San Francisco, CA: Wine Appreciation Guild, 1993. Pp. 26-27.
  • 40. Vin, sante & societe. AIM, 1995, 4(2), 7-10, p. 9.
  • 41. Pearson, Thomas A. (for the American Heart Association). Alcohol and heart disease. Circulation, 1996, 94, 3023-3025.
  • 42. Mulcamel, K.J., et al. Alcohol consumption after myocardial infarction. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2001, 285(15), 1965-1970; Alcohol and AMI: Benefits from beer, wine, and liquor. American Journal of Nursing, 2001, 101(8), 18.
  • 43. de Lorgeril, M., et al. Wine drinking and risks of cardiovascular complications after recent acute myocardial infarction.  Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association, 2002, 106, 1465-1469.
  • 44. Dayton C, DC Gute, P Carter, and RJ Korthuis. Antecedent ethanol prevents postischemic P-selectin expression in murine small intestine. Microcirculation, 2004,  11, 709-718.
  • 45. LaPorte, R. E., Cresanta, J. L., and Kuller, L. H. The relationship of alcohol consumption to atherosclerotic heart disease. Preventive Medicine, 1980, 9, 22-40; Moore, R. D., and Pearson, T. A. Moderate alcohol consumption and coronary artery disease. Medicine, 1986, 65, 242-267; Doll, R. One for the Heart. British Medical Journal, 1997, 315, 1664-1668; Paassilta. M., et al. Social alcohol consumption and low Lp (a) lipoprotein concentrations in middle aged Finnish men: Population based study. British Medial Journal, 1998, 316, 594-595; Thun, et al. Alcohol consumption in middle-aged and early U. S. adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 1997, 336, 1705-1714. Rimm, E., et al. Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and hemostatic factors. British Medical Journal, 1999, 319, 1523-1528.
  • 46. Ernst, N., et al. The association of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with dietary intake and alcohol consumption. The Lipid Research Clinics program prevalence study. Circulation, 1980, 62 (suppl IV), 41-52; Willett, W. Hennekens, C. H., Siegel, A. J., Adner, M. M., and Castell, W. P. Alcohol consumption and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in marathon runners. New England Journal of Medicine, 1980, 303, 1159-1161; Barrett-Connor, E., and Suarez, L. A community study of alcohol and other factors associated with the distribution of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in older vs. younger men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1982,115, 888-893; Phillips, N. R., Havel, R. J., and Kane, J. P. Serum apolipoprotein A-l levels. Relationship to lipoprotein lipid levels and selected demographic variables. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1982, 116, 302-313; Fraser, G. E., Anderson, J. T., Foster, N., Goldberg, R., Jacobs, D., and Blackburn, H. The effect of alcohol on serum high density lipoprotein (HDL). A controlled experiment. Atherosclerosis, 1983, 46, 275-283; Camargo, C. A., Williams, P. T., Vranizan, K. M., Albers, J. J., and Wood, P. D. The effect of moderate alcohol intake on serum apolipaproteins A-I and A-II: A controlled study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1985, 253, 2854-2857; Valimaki, M., Nikkila, E. A., Taskinen, M. R., and Tlikahri, R. Rapid decrease in high density lipoprotein subfraction and postheparin plasma lipase activities after cessation of chronic alcohol intake. Atherosclerosis, 1986, 59, 147-153; Doll, R. One for the heart. British Medical Journal, 1997, 315, 1664-1668; Paassilta, M., et al. Social alcohol consumption and low Lp (2) lipoprotein concentration in middle aged Finnish men: population based study. British Medical Journal, 1998, 316, 594-595.
  • 47. Castelli, W. P., et al. Alcohol and blood lipids. The cooperative lipoprotein phenotyping study. The Lancet, 1977, 2, 153- 155; Paassilta, M., et al. Social alcohol consumption and low Lp (2) lipoprotein concentration in middle aged Finnish men: population based study. British Medical Journal, 1998, 316, 594-595. Langer, R., Criqui, M., and Reed, D. Lipoprotein and blood pressure as biological pathways for effects of moderate alcohol consumption on coronary heart disease. Circulation, 1992, 85(3), 910-915.
  • 48. Mukamal, K. J. et al. Alcohol consumption and lippoprotein subclasses in older adults. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2007, April. PMID: 17440017.
  • 49. Meade, T. W., Vickers, M. V., Thompson, S. G., Stirling, Y., Haines, A. P., and Miller, G. J. Epidemiologic characteristics of platelet aggregability. British Medical Journal, 1985, 290, 428 432; Jakubowshi, J. A., Vaillancourt, R., and Deykin, D. Interaction of ethanol, prostacyclin, and aspirin in determining platelet reactivity in vitro. Atherosclerosis, 1988, 8, 436-441; Meade, T. W., Imeson, J., and Sterling, Y. Effects of changes in smoking and other characteristics of clotting factors and the risk of ischemic heart disease. The Lancet, 1987, 1, 986-988; Seigneur, M., et al. Effect of the consumption of alcohol, white wine, and red wine on platelet function and serum lipids. Journal of Applied Cardiology, 1990, 5, 215-222; Renaud, S. C., Beswick, A. D. Fehily, A. M., Sharp, D. S., and Elwood, P. C. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1992, 55, 1012-1017. Zhang, Q., et al. Effects of acute, moderate alcohol consumption on human platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma and whole blood. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2000, 24, 528-534.
  • 50. Mennen, L., et al. Fibrinogen may explain in part the protective effect of moderate drinking on the risk of cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerotic and Thrombodic Vascular Biology, 1999, 19, 887-892; Wang, Z., and Barker, T. Alcohol at moderate levels decreases fibrinogen expression in vivo and in vitro. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1999, 23, 1927-1932.
  • 51. Sumi, H., Hamada, H., Tsushima, H., and Mihara, H. Urokinase-like plasminogen activator increased in plasma after alcohol drinking. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 1988, 23, 33-43.
  • 52. For discussion, see Ellison, R. C. Does Moderate Alcohol Consumption Prolong Life? New York: American Council on Science and Health, 1993, p. 7.
  • 53. Israel, Y., Orrego, H. and Carmichael, F. J. Acetate-mediated effects of ethanol. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res., 1994, Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 18(1), 144-148; Pelleg, A. and Porter, R. S. The pharmacology of adenosine. Pharmacotherapy, 1990, 10(3), 157-174; Blaise, G., Noel, J., Vinay, P. Cordoso, M., Vinet, B., Boulanger, Y., Leveille, M., Prud'homme, M., and Gougoux, A. Metabolic effects of acetate on the heart. Clin. Invest. Med., 1989, 12(4), 254-261; Ely, S. J. and Berne, R. M. Protective effects of adenosine in myocardial ischemia. Circulation, 1992, 85(3), 893-900.
  • 54. MacMahon. Alcohol consumption and hypertension. Hypertension, 1987, 9(2), 111-121; Dairdron, D. M. Cardiovascular effects of alcohol. Western Journal of Medicine, 1989, 151(4), 430-439.
  • 55. Facchini, F, Chen, Y., and Reaven, G. Light-to-moderate alcohol intake is associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care, 1994, 17(2); Rimmj, E., et al. Prospective study of cigarette smoking, alcohol use and the risk of diabetes in men. British Medical Journal, 1995, 310, 555-559; Bell, D. Alcohol and the NIDDM patient. Diabetes Care, 1996, 19(5), 509-513.
  • 56. A   Vliegenthart, R., et al. Alcohol consumption and coronary calcification in a general population. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2004 (November 22), 164, 2355-2360.
  • 57. Rodgers, H. et al. A case-control study of drinking habits past and present. Stroke, 1993. 24(10), 1473-1477.
  • 58. American Heart Association, Northern Manhattan Stroke Study, 22nd International Joint Conference on Stroke and Cerebral Circulation, Anaheim, California, February, 1997. See also Rodgers, H., et al. Alcohol and stroke: a case control study of drinking habits past and present. Stroke, 1993, 12(10), 1473-1477; Truelsen, T., et al. Intake of beer, wine and spirits and risk of stroke: the Copenhagen city heart study. Stroke, 1998, 29(12), 2468-2472; Calcoya, M., et al. Alcohol and stroke: a community case control study in Asturias, Spain. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 1999, 52, 577-684; Gill, J., et al. Stroke and alcohol. New England Journal of Medicine, 1991, 315(17); Berger, K., et al. Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and risk of stroke among US male physicians. New England Journal of Medicine, 1999, 341(21), 1557-15
  • 59. A Malinski, M.K., Sesso, H.D., Lopez-Jimenez, F., Buring, J.E., and Gaziano, M. Alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease mortality in hypertensive men. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2004, 164(6), 623.
  • 60. Berger, K., et al. Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of stroke among U.S. male physicians. New England Journal of Medicine, Nov. 18, 1999, 341 (21).
  • 61. Sacco, R. L., Elkind, M., Boden-Albala, B., Lin, I-F., Kargman, D. E., Hauser. W. A., Shea, S., & Paik, M. C. The Protective Effect of Moderate Alcohol Consumption on Ischemic Stroke, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1999, 281, 53-60.
  • 62. Gillman, W. M. et al. Relationship of alcohol intake with blood pressure. Hypertension, 1995, 25, 1106-1110. Also: Beilin, L., Puddey, I., and Burke, V. Alcohol and hypertension - kill or cure? Journal of Hypertension, 1996, 10, 1-5; Ramsey, L., et al. Alcohol and myocardial infarction in hypertensive men. American Heart Journal, 1979.
  • 63. Thadhani, R., et al. Prospective study of moderate alcohol consumption and risk of hypertension in young women. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2002, 162, 569-574.
  • 64. Kopper, L., et al. Moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Diabetes Care,   2005, 28, 719-725.
  • 65. Wheeler, M., et al. Is there a place for alcohol in your diabetes meal plan? Diabetes Forecast, 2003 (August).
  • 66. Carlsson, S., et al. Alcohol consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a 20-year follow-up of the Finnish Twin Cohort Study. Diabetes Care, 2003, 26(10), 2785-2786.
  • 67. Umed, A., et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among US male physicians. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2000, 160, 1025-1050.
  • 68. Wei, M. et al. Alcohol intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in men. Diabetes Care, 2000, 23(1), 18-26.
  • 69. Tanner, L. Light to moderate drinking cuts diabetes risk in women, too. Associated Press, 6-10-03; National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse.
  • 70. Beulens, J., Stolky, R. P., van der Schouw, Y. T. , Grobbee, D. E., Hendriks, H., and Bots, M. L. Alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes among older    women. Diabetes Care, 2005 (December), 28, 2933-2938.
  • 71. Avogaro, A., et al. Acute alcohol consumption improves insulin action without affecting insulin secretion in type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care, 2004 (June 6), 27(6), 1369-1374.
  • 72. Rimm, E. B., et al. Prospective study of   cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and the risk of diabetes in men. British Medical Journal, 1995, 310, 555-559; Cordain, L. et al. Influence of moderate daily wine consumption upon body weight regulation and metabolism in healthy, free-living males. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 1997, 16(2).
  • 73. Orogozo, J. M., et al. Wine consumption and dementia in the elderly: a prospective community study in the Bordeaux area. Revue Neurologique, 1997, 153.
  • 74. Espeland, M., et al. Association between alcohol intake and domain-specific cognitive function in older women. Neuroepidemiology, 2006, 1(27), 1-12.)
  • 75. Rodgers, B., et al. Non-linear relationships between cognitive function and alcohol consumption in young, middle-aged and older adults: The PATH Through Life Project. Addiction, 2005, 100(9), 1280-1290; Anstey, K. J., et al. Lower cognitive test scores observed in alcohol are associated with demographic, personality, and biological factors: The PATH Through Life Project. Addiction, 2005, 100(9), 1291-1301.
  • 76. Ganguli, M., et al. Alcohol consumption and cognitive function in late life: A longitudinal community study. Neurology, 2005, 65, 1210-12-17.
  • 77. Stampfer, M.J., et al. Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive function in women. New England Journal of Medicine, 2005, 352, 245-253.
  • 78. Mulkamal, K.J., et al. Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of dementia in older adults. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2003 (March 19), 289, 1405-1413.)
  • 79. Ruitenberg, A., et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia: the Rotterdam Study. Lancet, 2002, 359(9303), 281-286.
  • 80. Huang, W., et al. Alcohol consumption and incidence of dementia in a community sample aged 75 years and older. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 2002, 55(10), 959-964.
  • 81. McDougall, Graham. Older Women's Cognitive and Affective Response to Moderate Drinking. Presented at the meetings of the National Congress on the State of Science in Nursing Research. Washington, D.C., October 7-8,2004; University of Texas at Austin. Moderate drinking in older adult women has positive influence on memory. News release, October 3,2004.
  • 82. Antilla, Tiia, et al. Alcohol drinking in middle age and subsequent risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in old age: a prospective population based study. British Medical Journal, 2004, 329, 538-539.
  • 83. Matthews, Robert. Alcohol sharpens your brain, say researchers. The Telegraph (UK), August 1, 2004.
  • 84. Zuccala, G. , et al. Dose-related impact of alcohol consumption on cognitive function in advanced age: Results of a multicenter study. Alcoholism: Clinical and     Experimental Research, 2001, 25, 1743-1748.
  • 85. Galanis, D. J., et al. A longitudinal study of drinking and cognitive performance in elderly Japanese American men: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. American Journal of Public Health, 2000, 90, 1254-1259.
  • 86. Harrison, P.G. Moderate Drinking Helps Preserve Women's Brains. Reuters Health, June 15, 2001. See also Reuters, Associated Press, ABCNEWS, and HealthSCOUT of same date.
  • 87. Andel, R., et al. Strategies to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Aging Health, 2005, 1(1), 107-116.
  • 88. Cohen, S., et al. Smoking, alcohol consumption and susceptibility to the common cold. American Journal of Public Health, 1993, 83(9), 1277-1283.
  • 89. Djousse, L., et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of intermittent claudicating in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation, 2000, 102, 3092.
  • 90. Lee, J. E., et al. Alcohol intake and renal cell cancer in a pooled analysis of 12 prospective studies. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2007, 99, 811-822.
  • 91. Rashidkhani, B., Åkesson, A., Lindblad, P, and Wolk, A. Alcohol consumption and risk of renal cell carcinoma: A prospective study of Swedish women International Journal of Cancer, 2005 (December 10), 117(5), 848–853.
  • 92. Freiberg, M, et al. Alcohol consumption and the prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in the US: A cross-sectional analysis of data from The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Diabetes Care, 2004, 27(11), 2954-2959.
  • 93. Morton, L., et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A pooled analysis Lancet Oncology, June 8, 2005.
  • 94. Camargo, C. A. et al. Prospective study of moderate alcohol consumption and risk of peripheral arterial disease in US male physicians. Circulation, 1997, 95(3), 577-580.
  • 95. Turesson, Carl. Increased Alcohol Intake Associated with Decreased Risk of Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis. (Abstract) Paper presented at the annual European Congress of Rheumatology. Barcelona, Spain. June 13-16, 2007. European League Against Rheumatism, June 15, 2007; Myllykangas-Lusojarvi, R., Aho, K., Kautiainen, H., and Hakala, M. Reduced incidence of alcohol related deaths in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of Rheumatoid Diseases, 2000, 59, 75-76; Voight, L., et al. Smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Epidemiology, 1994, 5, 525-532.
  • 96. Camargo Jr, C., et al. Prospective study of moderate alcohol consumption and mortality in US male physicians. Archives of Internal Medicine, 1997, 157, 79 - 85.
  • 97. Holbrook, T., et al. A prospective study of alcohol consumption and bone mineral density. British Medical Journal, 1993, 306, 1506-1509. Also see Christian, J. Moderate alcohol consumption helps preserve reasoning skills. Paper presented at the Research Society of Alcoholism, San Antonio, Texas, June 30, 1993. In addition to reasoning skills, Christian also reported greater bone density and a lower rate of death among moderate drinkers compared to abstainers and heavy drinkers; Rapuri, P. B., et al. Alcohol intake and bone metabolism in elderly women. American Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2000, 72, 1206-1213.
  • 98. Weisse, M. I., et al. Wine as a digestive aid: comparative antimicrobial effects of bismuth salicylate and red and white table wine. British Medical Journal, 1995, 311, 1457-1460; Probert, C., Emmett, P., and Heaton, K. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 1995, 88, 311-315; Weisse, M., Eberly, B., and Person, D. Wine as a digestive aid: comparative antimicrobial effects of bismuth salicylate and red and white wine. British Medical Journal, 1995, 311, 1657-1660.
  • 99. Aldoori, W. H., et al. A prospective study of alcohol, smoking, caffeine, and the risk of duodenal ulcer in men. Epidemiology, 1997, 8(4), 420-424; Brenner, H., et. al. Relation of smoking and alcohol and coffee consumption to active Heliobacter pylori infection: cross sectional study. British Medical Journal, 1997, 315, 1489-1492.
  • 100. CNN Morning News. 5-3-00; Annely, K. Erectile dysfunction and alcohol (ezinearticles.com/%3FErectile-Dysfunction-and-Alcohol%26id%3D410334+%22erectile+dysfunction%22+alcohol&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=13&gl=us)
  • 101. Boecker, H., et al. The effect of ethanol on alcoholic-responsive essential tremor: a positrol emission tomography study. Annals of Neurology, 1996, 39, 650-658; Setting a steady course for benign essential tremor. Johns Hopkins Medical Letter, December, 1999; On Call. Harvard Men's Health Watch, August,1998.
  • 102. LaVecchia, C., et al. Alcohol drinking and prevalence of self-reported gallstone disease in the 1983 Italian National Health Survey. Epidemiology, 1994, 5, 533-536; Simon, J., et. al. Ascorbic acid supplement use and the prevalence of gallbladder disease. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 1998, 51 (3), 257-265; MacLure, K., et al. Weight, diet and the risk of symptomatic gallstones. New England Journal of Medicine, 1989 (August); Moderate drinking associated with lower risk for gallstone disease. Alcohol Issues and Insights, 1994, 11(1); LaVecchia, C. Alcohol in the Mediterranean diet. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 1995, 65(1), 71-72; Attili,A., et al. Diet and gallstones in Italy: the cross-sectional MICOL results; Sahi, T, et al. Body mass index, cigarette smoking and other characteristics as predictors of self-reported physician-diagnosed gallbladder disease in male college alumni. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1998, 147, 644-651; Leitzmann, M, et al. Prospective study of alcohol consumption patterns in relation to symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1999, 23, 835-841.
  • 103. Popelka, M.M., et al. Moderate alcohol consumption and hearing loss: a protective effect. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 2000, 48(10), 1273-1278.
  • 104. Desenclos, J-C., et al. The protective effect of alcohol on the occurrence of epidemic oyster borne hepatitis A. Epidemiology, 1994, 5, 525-532.
  • 105. cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/adulthodgkins/patient#Keypoint3 National Cancer Institute.
  • 106. Curhan, G. C., et al. Prospective study of beverage use and the risk of kidney stones. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1996, 143(3), 240-247; Soucie, M. J., et al. Relation between geographic variability in kidney stones prevalence and risk factors for stones. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1996, 143(3), 487-494; Curhan, G., et al. Beverage use and risk for kidney stones in women. Annals of Internal Medicine, 1998, 128(7), 534-540; Hirvonen, T., et al. Nutrient intake and use of beverage and the risk of kidney stones among male smokers. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1999, 150, 187-194.
  • 107. Obisean, T., et. al. Moderate wine consumption is associated with decreasing odds of developing age-related macular degeneration in NHANSES-1. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1998, 46, 1-7.
  • 108. Ahlgren, J. D., et al. Epidemiology and risk factors in pancreatic cancer. Seminars in Oncology, 1996, 23(2), 241-250.
  • 109. Hellenbrand, W., et al. Diet and Parkinson's disease I: A possible role for the past intake of specific foods and food groups. Neurology, 1996, 306, 1,506-1,509.
  • 110. Christian, J. C., et al. Self-reported alcohol intake and cognition in aging twins. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 1995, 56, 414-416; Dufouil, C. Sex differences in the association between alcohol consumption and cognitive performance. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1997, 146 (5), 405-412; Elias, P., et al. Alcohol consumption and cognitive performance in the Framingham Heart Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1999, 150(6), 550-58 9.
  • 111. Nelson, H., et al. Smoking, alcohol and neuromuscular and physical function of older women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1994, 272(23), 1825-1831.
  • 112. Lipton, R. I. The effect of moderate alcohol use on the relationship between stress and depression. American Journal of Public Health, 1994, 84(12), 1913-1917; Baum-Baicker, C. The psychological benefits of moderate alcohol consumption: a review of the literature. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 15, 1985; Kushner, M., et al. The effects of alcohol consumption on laboratory-induced panic and state anxiety. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1996, 53, 264-270.
  • 113. Brenner, H., et. al. Relation of smoking and alcohol and coffee consumption to active Helicobacter pylori infection: cross sectional study. British Medical Journal, 1997, 315, 1389-1492.
  • 114. Purdue, L., and Shoemaker, W. The French Paradox and Beyond. Sonoma, CA: Renaissance Publishing, 1992, p. 58; Ellison, R. C. Does Moderate Alcohol Consumption Prolong Life? New York: American Council on Science and Health, 1993, p. 5. The actual quantities associated with health benefits could be somewhat greater because participants in medical research studies tend to underestimate their usual amounts of alcohol consumption. See Perdue and Shoemaker, p. 57.
  • 115. The American Dietetic Association points out that the facts of alcohol beverage equivalence "are emphasized by the federal government and numerous public health organizations including Nation Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Departments of Transportation and Health and Human Services, National Consumers League, National Council of Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, and Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)" (American Dietetic Association, Nutrition Fact Sheet: Moderate Consumption of Distilled Spirits and Other Beverage Alcohol in an Adult Diet. Chicago, Illinois: American Dietetic Association, 2001, p.1). Alcohol beverage equivalence applies to standard drink sizes. Of course, five ounces of a desert wine contains more alcohol, as does a higher alcohol content beer or ale, or a distilled spirit higher than the typical 80 proof. The equivalent sizes for these drinks would differ from those of a standard drink, a fact that drinkers should keep in mind. (Carol, C. R. Drugs in Modern Society. Boston, Massachusetts: McGraw-Hill, 2000, p. 77.)
  • 116. Willett, W. C. with the assistance of others. Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001, p. 17. The alternative US Department of Agriculture food pyramid was first developed before much of our current nutritional information was available, reflects the strong influence of agricultural producers, and is highly over-simplified. The Harvard food Pyramid is free of all those shortcomings.
  • 117. Perdue, L., and Shoemaker, W. The French Paradox and Beyond. Sonoma, CA: Renaissance Publishing, 1992. P. 63.