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References

1. Seldes, George (compiler). The Great Quotations. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1960, p. 106.
Salvation Army General Evangeline Booth summarized this belief in a poem:

Drink has drained more blood,
Hung more crepe,
Sold more houses,
Plunged more people into bankruptcy,
Armed more villains,
Slain more children,
Snapped more wedding rings.
Defiled more innocence,
Blinded more eyes,
Twisted more limbs,
Dethroned more reason,
Wrecked more manhood,
Dishonored more womanhood,
Broken more hearts,
Blasted more lives,
Driven more to suicide, and
Dug more graves than any other poisoned scourge that ever swept its
death-dealing
waves across the world.

2. Anti-Saloon League of America. Anti-Saloon League of America Yearbook. Westerville, Ohio: American Issue Press, 1920, p. 28. Cited by Mulford, Harold A. Alcohol and Alcoholism in Iowa, 1965. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa, 1965, p. 9.

3. Campus Report. A pox on mouthwash. Campus Report, 1995 (April), 10, p. 2.

4. Ibid; for a similar example of zero tolerance, see Brooke, James. School spreads alcohol policy to wine sips in Paris. New York Times, May 31, 1998, p. NE12.

5. Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G. and Schulenberg, J. E. Monitoring the Future national Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2006. Volume I, Secondary School Students. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2007. 669 pages. (NIH Publication No. 07-6205) Table 5.1.

6. Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G. and Schulenberg, J. E. Monitoring the Future national Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2006. Volume I, Secondary School Students. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2007. 669 pages. (NIH Publication No. 07-6205) Table 5.2.

7. Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G. and Schulenberg, J. E. Monitoring the Future national Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2006. Volume I, Secondary School Students. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2007. 669 pages. (NIH Publication No. 07-6205) Table 5.3.

8. Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G. and Schulenberg, J. E. Monitoring the Future national Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2006. Volume I, Secondary School Students. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2007. 669 pages. (NIH Publication No. 07-6205) Table 5.4.

9. Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G. and Schulenberg, J. E. Monitoring the Future national Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2006. Volume I, Secondary School Students. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2007. 669 pages. (NIH Publication No. 07-6205) Table 5.4.

10a. Office of Applied Studies. Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, Suibstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2007. NSDUH Series H-32, DHHS Publication No. SMA 07-4293.

10b. Higher Education Research Institute. The American Freshman: National Norms for Fall 2006. Los Angeles, CA: Higher Education Research Institute, 2007.

11. Williams, G. D., Stinson, F. S., Stewzrt, S. L., and Dufour, M. C. Apparent Per Capita Alcohol Consumption: National, State, and Regional Trends, 1977-92. Surveillance Report No. 35. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Biometry and Epidemiology, Alcohol Epidemiology Data System, 1995. Midanik, L. T., and Clark, W. B. Demographic distribution of US drinking patterns in 1990: Description and trends from 1984. American Journal of Public Health, 1994, 84 (8), 1218-1222.

15. Drinking in pregnancy permissible. AIM, 1997, 6(1), 13. For additional information, contact Administration Department, The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 275 Sussex Place, London, NW1 4RG, UK.

16. Stratton, Kathleen, Howe, Cynthia, and Battaglia, Frederick (eds.) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996.

17. Fallon, Harold J., and Lesesne, Henry R. Medical Complications of Excessive Drinking. In: Ewing, John A., and Rouse, Beatrice A. (eds.) Drinking: Alcohol in American Society - Issues and Current Research, Chicago, Illinois: Nelson-Hall, 1978, Pp. 63-69, p. 67.

18. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Ninth Special Report to the U. S. Congress on Alcohol and Health from the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Washington: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1997, p. 11.

19. DeBakey, Stinson, F. S., Grant, B. F., and Dufour, M. C. Liver Cirrhosis Mortality in the United States, 1970-1992. Surveillance Report No. 37. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Biometry and Epidemiology, Alcohol Epidemiology Data System, 1995.

20. Table 2. 2005 Traffic Safety Facts Annual Report. Washington, DC: NHTSA, 2007. DOT-HS-810-631.

21. Table 2. 2005 Traffic Safety Facts Annual Report. Washington, DC: NHTSA, 2007. DOT-HS-810-631.

22. 2005 Traffic Safety Facts Annual Report. Washington, DC: NHTSA, 2007.  DOT-HS-810-631

23. Subramanian, R.  Summary. Alcohol-Related Fatalities and Fatality Rates by State, 2004-2005. Washington, DC: NHTSA, 2006.  DOT HS 810 686.

24. Table 13. 2005 Traffic Safety Facts Annual Report. Washington, DC: NHTSA, 2007. DOT HS 810 631.

Readings (Listing does not imply endorsement)

Astin, Alexander W., Parott, S. A., Korn, W. S., and Sax, L. J. The American Freshman: Thirty Year Trends, 1966-1996. Los Angeles, CA: University of California at Los Angeles, Higher Education Research Institute, 1997.

Burgess, Marilouise. Alcohol Involvement in Fatal Crashes 1995. Washington, DC: National Highway Trafffic Safety Administration, 1998.

Cahalan, Don and Room, Robin. Problem Drinking Among American Men. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers Center for Alcohol Studies, 1974. Research monograph No. 7.

Cahalan, Don. Problem Drinkers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1970.

Chafetz, Morris E., and Demone, Harold W., Jr. Alcoholism and Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1962.

Cisin, Ira H. Formal and Informal Social Control over Drinking. In: Ewing, John A. and Rouse, Beatrice A. (eds.) Drinking: Alcohol in American Society - Issues and Current Research. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall, 1978. pp. 145-158.

Colón, Israel. Alcohol Control Policies and their Relation to Alcohol Consumption and Alcoholism. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Brandeis University, 1979.

Colón, Israel. The influence of state monopoly of alcohol distribution and the frequency of package stores on single motor vehicle fatalities. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 1982-1983, 9, 315-331.

Colón, Israel. The alcohol beverage purchase age and single-vehicle highway fatalities. Journal of Safety Research, 1984, 15, 159-162.

Commission on Substance Abuse at Colleges and Universities. Rethinking Rites of Passage: Substance Abuse on American Campuses. New York: Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, 1994. (Note: An investigative report has revealed that much of the material in this report is unsubstantiated, misleading, or of highly questionable accuracy.)

Davis, James E. Alcohol use among college students: Responses to raising the purchase age. Journal of American College Health, 1990, 38, 263-269.

DeBakey, Stinson, F. S., Grant, B. F., and Dufour, M. C. Liver Cirrhosis Mortality in the United States, 1970-1992. Rockville, Maryland: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1995.

Duffy, John C., and Cohen, G. R. Total alcohol consumption and excessive drinking. British Journal of Addiction, 1978, 73, 259-264.

Dull, R. Thomas and Giacopassi, David J. An assessment of the effects of alcohol ordinances on selected behaviors and conditions. The Journal of Drug Issues, 1986, 16, 511-521.

Education Commission of the States. Task Force on Responsible Decision about Alcohol. Final Report. Denver, Colorado: Education Commission of the States. Task Force on Responsible Decisions about Alcohol, Booklet Number 2, no date.

Engs, Ruth C., and Hanson, David J. Age-specific alcohol prohibition and college students' drinking problems. Psychological Reports, 1986, 59, 979-984.

Engs, Ruth C., and Hanson, David J. Reactance theory: A test with collegiate drinking. Psychological Reports, 1989, 64, 1083-1086.

Engs, Ruth C., Hanson, David J., and Diebold, Beth A. The drinking patterns and problems of a national sample of college students, 1994. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 1996, 42(3), 13-33.

Fallon, Harold J., and Lesesne, Henry R. Medical Complications of Excessive Drinking. In: Ewing, John A., and Rouse, Beatrice A. (eds.) Drinking: Alcohol in American Society - Issues and Current Research. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall, 1978. Pp. 63-69.

Ford, Gene. The Benefits of Moderate Drinking: Alcohol, Health and Society. San Francisco, CA: Wine Appreciation Guild, 1988.

Globetti, Gerald. Prohibition Norms and Teenage Drinking. In: Ewing, J. A., and Rouse, Beatrice A. (eds.) Drinking Alcohol in American Society - Issues and Current Research. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, Inc., 1978. pp. 159-170.

Gross, Leonard. How Much Is Too Much: The Effects of Social Drinking. New York: Random House, 1983.

Gusfield, Joseph. The Culture of Public Problems. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1981.

Haines, Michael P. A Social Norms Approach to Preventing Binge Drinking At Colleges and Universities. Newton, MA: Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention, 1996. (This very important and useful book is available free by calling 1-800-676-1730.)

Hanson, David J. Preventing Alcohol Abuse: Alcohol, Culture, and Control. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1995.

Hanson, David J. Alcohol Education: What We Must Do. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996.

Heien, Dale M., and Pittman, David J. The economic costs of alcohol abuse: An assessment of current methods and estimates. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 1989, 50, 567-579.

Hingson, Ralph, Merrigan, Daniel, and Heeren, Timothy. Effects of Massachusetts raising its legal drinking age from 18 to 20 on deaths from teenage homicide, suicide and nontraffic accidents. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 1985, 32, 221-233.

Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, P. M., and Bachman, J. G. National Survey Results on Drug Use from The Monitoring The Future Study, 1975-1997. Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Lauderdale, Michael L. An Analysis of the Control Theory of Alcoholism. Denver, CO: Education Commission of the States, 1977.

Linsky, Arnold S., Colby, Jr., John P., and Straus, Murray A. Drinking norms and alcohol-related problems in the United States. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 1986 , 47, 384-393.

Lolli, Giorgio, Serianni, Emidio, Golder, Grace M., and Luzzatto-Fegiz, Pierpeolo. Alcohol in Italian Culture: Food and Wine in Relation to Sobriety among Italians and Italian Americans. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1958.

Lotterhos, J. F., Glover, E. D., Holbert, D., and Barnes, R. C. Intentionality of college students regarding North Carolina's 21-year drinking age law. International Journal of the Addictions, 1988, 23, 629-647.

Marlatt, G. Alan. Alcohol, expectancy, and emotional states: How drinking patterns may be affected by beliefs about alcohol's effects. Alcohol Health and Research World, 1987, 11, 10-13, 80-81.

Mecca, Andrew M. Alcoholism in America: A Modern Perspective. Belvedere, CA: California Health Research Foundation, 1980.

Milgram, Gail G. The Facts about Drinking. Mount Vernon, NY: Consumers Union, 1990.

Mosher, James F. The History of Youthful Drinking Laws: Implications for Current Policy. In: Wechsler, Henry (ed.) Minimum Drinking Age Laws. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1980. pp. 11-38.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (www.nhtsa.dot.gov).

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol and Health: Third Special Report to the U.S. Congress. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1978. DHEW Publication No. ADM 78-569.

New York State Division of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse. Alcohol. The Gateway Drug. Albany, NY: New York State Division of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, no date.

Perkins, H. Wesley and Berkowitz, Alan D. Stability and contradiction in college students' drinking following a drinking-age law change. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 1989, 35, 60-77.

Perkins, H. Wesley. Confronting Misperceptions of Peer Drug Use Norms among College Students: An Alternative approach for Alcohopl and Drug Education. In: Peer Prevention Program Implementation Manual. Fort Worth, TX: Texas Christian University, Higher Education Leaders/Peers Network, 1991.

Pittman, David J. Primary Prevention of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: An Evaluation of the Control of Consumption Policy. St. Louis, Missouri: Washington University, Social Science Institute, 1980.

Pittman, David J. The New Temperance Movement. In: Pittman, David J. and White, Helene R. (ed.) Society, Culture, and Drinking Patterns Reexamined. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies, 1991. Pp. 775-790.

Plaut, Thomas F. A. Alcohol Problems: A Report to the Nation by the Cooperative Commission on the Study of Alcoholism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967.

Ross, H. Lawrence, and Hughes, Graham. Getting MADD in vain: drunk driving - what not to do. The Nation, 1986, 243, 663-664.

Skog, Ole-Jorgen. Less alcohol--fewer alcoholics? The Drinking and Drug Practices Surveyor, 1973, No. 7, 7-13.

Sterne, Muriel W., Pittman, David J. and Coe, Thomas. Teenagers, Drinking and the Law: Study of Arrest Trends for Alcohol-Related Offenses. In: Pittman David J. (ed.) Alcoholism. New York: Harper and Row, 1967. pp. 55-56.

Stratton, Kathleen, Howe, Cynthia, and Battaglia, Frederick (eds.) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996.

Straus, Robert and Bacon, Selden D. Drinking in College. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1953.

U. S. Department of Education. Drug Prevention Education. Washington, DC: Department of Education, 1988.

U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Ninth Special Report to the U. S. Congress on Alcohol and Health from the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1997.

Vingilis, E. and Smart, Reginald G. Effects of raising the legal drinking age in Ontario. British Journal of Addiction, 1981, 76, 415-424.

Wechsler, Henry and McFadden, Mary. Drinking among college students in New England. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 1979, 40, 969-996.

Wiener, Carolyn. The Politics of Alcoholism. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1981.

Wilkinson, Rupert. The Prevention of Drinking Problems: Alcohol Control and Cultural Influences. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.

Williams, Frank G., Kirkman-Liff, Bradford L., and Szivek, Pamela H. College student drinking behaviors before and after changes in state policy. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 1990, 35, 12-25.