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References and Readings

1. Health benefits of moderate drinking are detailed in Ford, G. The Science of Healthy Drinking. San Francisco, CA: Wine Appreciation Guild, 2003. The book is summarized at http://www2.potsdam.edu/alcohol-info/HealthIssues/1055517115.html. For more on alcohol and health, visit http://www2.potsdam.edu/alcohol-info/AlcoholAndHealth.html

2. Zuger, A. The case for drinking (all together now: In moderation!). The New York Times, 12-31-02, F1.

3. Curtis Ellison, M.D., quoted by Zuger, A. The case for drinking (all together now: In moderation!). The New York Times, 12-31-02, F1.

4. Camargo, C. A., et al. Moderate alcohol consumption and the risk for angina pectoris or myocardial infarction in U.S. male physicians. Archives of Internal Medicine, 1997, 126(5), in press.

5. Holbrook, T., et al. A prospective study of alcohol consumption and bone mineral density. British Medical Journal, 1993, 306, 1506-1509. Also see Christian, J. Moderate alcohol consumption helps preserve reasoning skills. Paper presented at the Research Society of Alcoholism, San Antonio, Texas, June 30, 1993. In addition to reasoning skills, Christian also reported greater bone density and a lower rate of death among moderate drinkers compared to abstainers and heavy drinkers; Rapuri, P. B., et al. Alcohol intake and bone metabolism in elderly women. American Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2000, 72, 1206-1213.

6. Rimm, E. B., et al. Prospective study of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and the risk of diabetes in men. British Medical Journal, 1995, 310, 555-559.

7. Weisse, M. I., et al. Wine as a digestive aid: comparative antimicrobial effects of bismuth salicylate and red and white table wine. British Medical Journal, 1995, 311, 1457-1460; Probert, C., Emmett, P., and Heaton, K. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 1995, 88, 311-315; Weisse, M., Eberly, B., and Person, D. Wine as a digestive aid: comparative antimicrobial effects of bismuth salicylate and red and white wine. British Medical Journal, 1995, 311, 1657-1660.

8. Aldoori, W. H., et al. A prospective study of alcohol, smoking, caffeine, and the risk of duodenal ulcer in men. Epidemiology, 1997, 8(4), 420-424; Brenner, H., et al. Relation of smoking and alcohol and coffee consumption to active Heliobacter pylori infection: cross sectional study. British Medical Journal, 1997, 315, 1489-1492.

9. CNN Morning News. 5-3-00

10. Boecker, H., et al. The effect of ethanol on alcoholic-responsive essential tremor: a positrol emission tomography study. Annals of Neurology, 1996, 39, 650-658; Setting a steady course for benign essential tremor. Johns Hopkins Medical Letter, December, 1999; On Call. Harvard Men's Health Watch, August, 1998.

11. LaVecchia, C., et al. Alcohol drinking and prevalence of self-reported gallstone disease in the 1983 Italian National Health Survey. Epidemiology, 1994, 5, 533-536; Simon, J., et al. Ascorbic acid supplement use and the prevalence of gallbladder disease. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 1998, 51 (3), 257-265; MacLure, K., et al. Weight, diet and the risk of symptomatic gallstones. New England Journal of Medicine, 1989 (August); Moderate drinking associated with lower risk for gallstone disease. Alcohol Issues and Insights, 1994, 11(1); LaVecchia, C. Alcohol in the Mediterranian diet. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 1995, 65(1), 71-72; Attili, A., et al. Diet and gallstones in Italy: the cross-sectional MICOL results; Sahi, T, et al. Body mass index, cigarette smoking and other characteristics as predictors of self-reported physician-diagnosed gallbladder disease in male college alumni. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1998, 147, 644-651; Leitzmann, M, et al. Prospective study of alcohol consumption patterns in relation to symptomatic gallstone disease in men. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research, 1999, 23, 835-841.

12. Popelka, M.M., et al. Moderate alcohol consumption and hearing loss: a protective effect. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 2000, 48(10), 1273-1278.

13. Desenclos, J-C., et al. The protective effect of alcohol on the occurrence of epidemic oyster borne hepatitis A. Epidemiology, 1994, 5, 525-532.

14. Curhan, G. C., et al. Prospective study of beverage use and the risk of kidney stones. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1996, 143(3), 240-247; Soucie, M. J., et al. Relation between geographic variability in kidney stones prevalence and risk factors for stones. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1996, 143(3), 487-494; Curhan, G., et al. Beverage use and risk for kidney stones in women. Annals of Internal Medicine, 1998, 128(7), 534-540; Hirvonen, T., et al. Nutrient intake and use of beverage and the risk of kidney stones among male smokers. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1999, 150, 187-194.

15. Reuters, 11-8-99.

16. Ellison, R., Curtis. Here's to your health. Wine Spectator, October 31, 1998, 34-46.

17. Ahlgren, J. D., et al. Epidemiology and risk factors in pancreatic cancer. Seminars in Oncology, 1996, 23(2), 241-250.

18. Hellenbrand, W., et al. Diet and Parkinson's disease I: A possible role for the past intake of specific foods and food groups. Neurology, 1996, 306, 1,506-1,509.

19. Christian, J. C., et al. Self-reported alcohol intake and cognition in aging twins. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 1995, 56, 414-416; Dufouil, C. Sex differences in the association between alcohol consumption and cognitive performance. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1997, 146 (5), 405-412; Elias, P., et al. Alcohol consumption and cognitive performance in the Framingham Heart Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1999, 150(6), 550-58 9.

20. Nelson, H., et al. Smoking, alcohol and neuromuscular and physical function of older women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1994, 272(23), 1825-1831.

21. Voight, L., et al. Smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Epidemiology, 1994, 5, 525-532.

22. Lipton, R. I. The effect of moderate alcohol use on the relationship between stress and depression. American Journal of Public Health, 1994, 84(12), 1913-1917; Baum-Baicker, C. The psychological benefits of moderate alcohol consumption: a review of the literature. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 15, 1985; Kushner, M., et al. The effects of alcohol consumption on laboratory-induced panic and state anxiety. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1996, 53, 264-270.

23. Brenner, H., et al. Relation of smoking and alcohol and coffee consumption to active Heliobacter pylori infection: cross sectional study. British Medical Journal, 1997, 315, 1389-1492.

24. “Monitoring the Future” research study, 2003. University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center. (http://monitoringthefuture.org)

25. Dolliver, M. It’s a sign of the Atkins-crazed time. Adweek, 12-8-03, p. 24.

26. Colditz, G., et al. Alcohol intake in relation to diet and obesity in women and men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1991, 54, 49-55; Cordain, L., et al. Influence of moderate daily wine consumption upon body weight regulation and metabolism in healthy free living males. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 1997, 16(2), 134-139; Hellerstedt, W. L., et al. The association between alcohol intake and adiposity in the general population. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1990, 132(4), 594-611; Istvan, J., et al. The relationship between patterns of alcohol consumption and body weight, International Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, 24(3), 543-546; Jequier, E. Alcohol intake and body weight: a paradox. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1999, 69, 173-174; Kahn, H. S., et al. Stable behaviors associated with adults' 10-year change in body mass index and the likelihood of gain at the waist. American Journal of Public Health, 1997, 87(5), 747-754; Klesges, R. C., et al. Effects of alcohol intake on resting energy expenditure in young women social drinkers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1994, 59, 805-809; Landis, W. E. M. Alcohol and energy intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1995, 62(suppl.), 11015-11068; Liu, S., et al. A prospective study of alcohol intake and change in body weight among US adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1994, 140(10), 912-920; Mannisto, S., et al. Alcohol beverage drinking, diet and body mass index in a cross-national survey, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1997, 151, 326-332; Mannisto, E., et al. Reported alcohol intake, diet and body mass index in male smokers. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1996, 50, 239-245; Prentice, A. M. Alcohol and obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 1995, 19(Suppl. 5), S44-S50.

27. Conflicts of interest and political science. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 1997, 50, 627-629.

28. Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), Alcohol Policies Project. TTB’s New Guidelines Doom Health Claims for Labels and Advertising. Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), Alcohol Policies Project news release, 3-3-03.

29. Balko, R. Back Door to Prohibition: The New War on Social Drinking. Washington, DC: Cato Institute Policy Analysis No. 501, 12-5-03.

30. Hanson, D.J. Preventing Alcohol Abuse: Alcohol, Culture, and Control.Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995. ch. 3.

31. Hanson, D.J. Alcohol Education: What We Must Do. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996.

32. Pearson, T.A., and Terry, P. What to advise patients about drinking alcohol. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1994, 272, 967-968.

33. Britton, A., and McPherson, K. Mortality in England and Wales attributable to current alcohol consumption. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2001, 55(6), 383-388; Reuters, Alcohol Cuts England/Wales Deaths by Two Percent (May, 2001)

34. 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island, 617 U.S. 484 (1996) at 518 (Thomas, J., concurring)