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References

1. Kanof, Marjorie E. Youth Illicit Drug Use Prevention: DARE Long-Term Evaluations and Federal Efforts to Identify Effective Programs. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office, January 15, 2003.

2. Zernike, Kate. Anti-drug program says it will adopt a new strategy. The New York Times, 2-15-01.

3. Zernike, Kate. Anti-drug program says it will adopt a new strategy. The New York Times, 2-15-01.

4. Zernike, Kate. "Anti-drug program says it will adopt a new strategy." The New York Times, 2-15-01

5. Bovard, James. DARE's Dying Gasp. The Future of Freedom Foundation, September, 2000 (www.fff.org/comment/ed0900g.asp)

6. Ennett, S.T., Tobler, N.S., Ringwalt, C.L., & Flewelling, R.L. How effective is Drug Abuse Resistance Education? A meta-analysis of project DARE outcome evaluations. American Journal of Public Health, 1994, 84(9), 1394-1401.

7. The facts - Just the facts. Just say no to DARE, February, 2003. (www.AmeriCop.org)

8. James Bovard. DARE's dying gasp. The Future of Freedom Foundation, September, 2000. http://www.fff.org/comment/ed0900g.asp

9. Illinois State Police. D.A.R.E.: Drug Abuse Resistance Education. Springfield, IL: Illinois State Police, 1999; 203.

10. Rosenbaum, Dennis P., and Gordon S. Hanson. Assessing the effects of school-based drug education: A six-year multilevel analysis of project D.A.R.E. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 1998, 35(4), 381-412.

Readings

Aniskiewicz, R.E., and Wysong, E.E. Evaluating DARE: Drug education and the multiple meanings of success. Policy Studies Review, 1990, 9(4), 727-747.

Bangert-Drowns, R. The effects of school-based substance abuse education - A meta-analysis. Journal of Drug Education, 1988, 18, 243-265.

Banyai, Andrew. Why Lansing's DARE program deserved to die. Lansing City Pulse (http://www.lansingcitypulse.com/040114/040114dare.html).

Barnes, Diane. DARE indoctrination fails to work and ends up endangering our families. Detroit News, 4-2-00.

Bell, R., P. Ellickson, and E. Harrison. Do drug prevention effects persist into high school? How project ALERT did with ninth graders? Preventive Medicine, 1993, 22, 463-483.

Botvin, G., E. Baker, L. Dusenbury, E. Botvin, and T. Diaz. Long-term follow-up results of a randomized drug abuse prevention trial in a white middle-class population. JAMA., the Journal of the American Medical Association, 1995, 273, 1106-1112.

Botvin, G., and E. Botvin. Adolescent tobacco, alcohol, and drug abuse: Prevention strategies, empirical findings, and assessment issues. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 1992, 13, 290-301.

Bovard, James. Destroying families for the glory of the drug war, Part 1. Freedom Daily, February, 1997. (www.fff.org/freedom/0297d.asp)

Bruni, Joanna L. Targeting for Success: Analysis of Differential Effects of Drug Abuse and Resistance Education (DARE) by Gender and Socioeconomic Level. M.S. thesis, Florida State University, 1998.

Buono, David M. Are Evaluations of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program Biased? M.A. thesis, Cury College, 2000.

Cauchon, Dennis. D.A.R.E. doesn't work: Studies find drug program not effective. USA Today, 10-11-93.

Clayton, Richard R., Anne M. Cattarelo, and Katherine P. Walden. Sensation seeking as a potential medicating variable for school-based prevention: A two-year follow-up of DARE. Health Communication, 1991, 229-239.

Clayton, Richard R., A. Cattarello and B. Johnstone. The effectiveness of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (Project DARE): 5-year follow-up results. Preventive Medicine, 1996, 25, 307-318.

Cottrell, Christopher W. Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.): An analysis of the Program and Its Evaluations. M.A. thesis, Southern Illinois University, 1996.

DeJong, William. A short-term evaluation of project DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education): Preliminary indicators of effectiveness. Journal of Drug Education, 1987, 17(4), 279-294.

Dineen, Tana. When it comes to drug abuse prevention programs, "just say no" to feel-good, time-wasters like DARE.( http://tanadineen.com/COLUMNIST/Columns/DARE-ReportMag.htm)

Drug Strategies. Making the Grade: A Guide to School Drug Prevention Programs. Washington, DC: Drug Strategies, 1996.

Dukes, R.L., Ullman J.D., & Stein, J.A. Three Year Follow-Up of Drug Abuse Resistance Education. Evaluation Review, 1996, 20, 49-66.

Dukes, Richard L., Judith A. Stern, and Jodie B. Ullman. Long-term impact of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE): Results of a 6-year follow-up. Evaluation Review, 1997, 21(4), 483-500.

Educational Operations Concepts, Inc. An Evaluation of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) Program in Minneapolis. Saint Paul, MN: Educational Operations Concepts, Inc., 1989.

Ellickson, P.L., Bell, R.M., Thomas, M.A., Robyn, A.E., and Zellman, G.L. Designing and Implementing Project ALERT: A Smoking and Drug Prevention Experiment. Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation, R-3754-CHF, 1988.

Ellis, Gordon L. An Evaluation of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program (D.A.R.E.) in a Suburban School District. M.A. thesis, Muskingum College, 1999.

Elwood, Kristina. The Effectiveness of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education Curricular Unit on Sixth Graders' Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior toward Alcohol Use. M.S.Ed. thesis, University of Kansas, 1991.

Ennet, S., D. Rosenbaum, and R. Flewelling. Long-term evaluation of Drug Abuse Resistance Education. Addictive Behaviors, 1994, 19, 113-125.

Ennett, S., N. Tobler, C. Ringwalt, and R Flewelling. How effective is Drug Abuse Resistance Education? A meta-Analysis of Project DARE outcome evaluations. American Journal of Public Health, 1994, 84, 1394-1400.

Fain, John R., and Bohlander, Edward. DARE in Kentucky Schools, 1988-89: An Evaluation of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program. Bowling Green, KY: Western Kentucky University, Social Research Laboratory, 1989.

Falco, M. The Making of a Drug-Free America: Programs That Work. New York, NY: Times Books, 1994.

Ginn, Anthony C. Evaluation of Drug Abuse Resistance Education. M.S. thesis, University of South Carolina, 1994.

Gleeson, Amy T. Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE): A Review of Select Evaluations. M.S. thesis, University of Wisconsin, Stout, 1999.

Gotham, Erin K. A Program Evaluation of the D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) Program. M.S. thesis, Kansas State University, 1993.

Graham, Nanette. A Study of the Impact of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) Training on Students' Skills to Resist Drug Use. M.S. thesis, University of South Carolina, 1990.

Green, Quentin B. Does D.A.R.E. Make a Difference in Students' Attitudes and Behavior toward the Use of Drugs and Alcohol? Ph.D. dissertation, Georgia State University, 2000.

Hansen, William B., and McNeal, R.B. How D.A.R.E. works: An examination of program effects on mediating variables. Health Education and Behavior, 1997, 24(2), 165-176.

Harmon, Michele A. Reducing the Risk of Drug Involvement among Early Adolescents: An Evaluation of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE). M.A. thesis, University of Maryland, College park, 1991.

Hughes, Patty. Comparing the Influence D.A.R.E. has on the Drug Use of Minority 9th Grade Students versus the Impact D.A.R.E. has on the Drug Use of Caucasian 9th Grade Students. Ed.S. thesis, Murray State University, 1998.

Hunziker, Keith M. An Assessment of the Chehalis Police Department's Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) Program. Ed.D. dissertation, Washington State University, 1995.

Johnson, Timmy D. An Assessment of the Effectiveness of a Suburban Police Department's Project DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) Program on Student Knowledge of Drugs, Alcohol, and Tobacco. Ed.D. dissertation, Wayne State University, 1994.

Kanof, Marjorie E. Youth Illicit Drug Use Prevention: DARE Long-Term Evaluations and Federal Efforts to Identify Effective Programs. Washington, DC: General Accounting Office, January 15, 2003.

Kleber, Herbert D. Substance Abuse Prevention: Could an Improved D.A.R.E. Program Help Bridge the Gap Between Research and Practice? Washington, DC: National Health Policy Forum, 1999.

Kochis, D.S. The Effectiveness of DARE: Does It Work? Glassboro, NJ: Rowan University, Law and Justice Department, 1993.

Krovoza, Mary K. An Assessment of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) Program in the Barron Area School District. M.S. thesis, University of Wisconsin, Stout, 1998.

Lynam, Donald R., et al. Project DARE: No effects at 10-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1999, 67(4), 590-593.

Manos, Michael J., et al. Evaluation of Honolulu Police Department's Drug Abuse Resistance Education Project. Maui, HI: University of Hawaii, School of Social Work, Youth Development and Research Center, 1986.

McCormick, Fred C., and McCormick, Eileen R. Final Report: An Evaluation of the Second Year Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) Program in Saint Paul. St. Paul, MN: Educational Operations Concepts, Inc., 1991.

Miller, David. DARE reinvents itself -- with help from its social-scientist critics. Chronicle of Higher Education, 10-19-01

Minnesota Institute of Public Health. Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) program evaluation: Final report. Minnesota Institute of Public Health, 1997.

Mirabella, Salvatore F. The Effectiveness of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education program in urban and rural communities. M.A. thesis, Curry College, 2001.

New Twists in the drug debate. Law Enforcement News, 12/15-21/99, p.1.

Nyre, G.F. An Evaluation of Project DARE. Los Angeles, CA: Evaluation and Training Institute, 1984.

Nyre, G.F. Final Evaluation Report, 1984-1985; Project DARE. Los Angeles, CA: Evaluation and Training Institute, 1985.

Oklahoma Criminal Justice Resource Center. An Evaluation of D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) programs across Oklahoma: A pilot study. Oklahoma City, OK: Oklahoma Criminal Justice Resource Center, 1998.

Palumbo, D.J., and Ferguson, J.L. Evaluating Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT): Is the Impact the Same as That of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)? Evaluation Review, 1995, 19(6), 597-619.

Pecchia, David J. Drug Abuse Resistance Education: An Evaluation of the DARE and CounterAct Programs Implemented in Robbinsdale Minnesota Independent School District 281. M.S. thesis, St. Cloud State University, 1991.

Pugh, Tony. DARE course loses backing in some cities. San Jose Mercury News, 8-8-99.

Ringwalt, C.L., Greene, J.M., Ennett, S.T., Iachan, R., Clayton, R.R., and Leukefeld, C.G. Past and Future Direction of the D.A.R.E. Program: An Evaluation Review. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute, 1994.

Rocky Mountain Behavioral Science Institute. A model for evaluating D.A.R.E. and other prevention programs. News and Views Newsletter, 1995 (Fall).

Rosenbaum, Dennis P., and Gordon S. Hanson Assessing the effects of school-based drug education: A six-year multilevel analysis of project D.A.R.E. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 1998, 35(4), 381-412.

Roth, Carol J. A Study Examining the Impact of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) and a Comparison Group in a Rural Setting. M.S. thesis, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, 1992.

Sherman, L., Gottfredson, D., MacKenzie, D., Eck, J., Reuter, P., and Bushway, S. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 1997.

Silfen, Roberta D. An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the San Antonio Police Department' Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) Program. Ed.D. dissertation, Texas A and M University, 1992.

Silva, Roberta K. Evaluation of Idaho's DARE: "Drug Abuse Resistance Education" projects. Idaho Department of Law Enforcement, Evaluation Unit, 1995.

Swanker, Leigh A. The Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program: Is it It Effective or Just a Misnomer? M.S. thesis, Le Moyne College, 2003.

Tombs, Barbara S., et al. Preliminary Evaluation of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) in Kansas. Topeka, KS: The Council, 1997.

Upton, Jodi. D.A.R.E. doesn't work: Popular anti-drug program not making a difference in metro Detroit - Money can be better spent elsewhere, some experts say. Detroit News, 2-27-00.

Upton, Jodi. D.A.R.E.: Failing our kids. Detroit News, 2-27-00. Available online at Center for Educational Research and Development (www.cerd.org/press/press09.html).

Upton, Jodi. DARE wary of outside reviews. From the outset, founder wasn't interested in researchers' studies about effectiveness. Detroit News, 2-27-00

Van Burgh, Jill W. A Report of Outcomes of Project D.A.R.E. with Eighth Grade Students. 1995 . (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 423454).

Willis, Scott R. Effects of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) Program: A Comparative Study. M.S. thesis, Central Washington University, 1995.

Womer, Shannon C. Correlates pot Prevention Effectiveness in School-Based Substance Abuse Prevention Programs and How Drug Abuse Resistance Education Compared (DARE): A Meta-Analysis. M.A. thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, 1998.

Zagumny, M.J., and Thompson, M.K. (1997). Does D.A.R.E. Work? An Evaluation in Rural Tennessee. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 1997, 42, 32-41.

Zernike, Kate. Anti-drug program says it will adopt a new strategy. The New York Times, 2-15-01.